Qianjin Wenwu decoction suppresses renal interstitial fibrosis by enhancing the degradation of extracellular matrix in mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction / 中国天然药物

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Qianjin Wenwu decoction (QWD), a well-known traditional Korean medicine, has been used for the treatment of DKD, with satisfactory therapeutic effects. This study was designed to investigate the active components and mechanisms of action of QWD in the treatment of DKD. The results demonstrated that a total of 13 active components in five types were found in QWD, including flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, phenylpropionic acids, saponins, coumarins, and lignins. Two key proteins, TGF-β1 and TIMP-1, were identified as the target proteins through molecular docking. Furthermore, QWD significantly suppressed Scr and BUN levels which increased after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) and Masson staining results demonstrated that QWD significantly alleviated renal interstitial fibrosis in UUO mice. We also found that QWD promoted ECM degradation by regulating MMP-9/TIMP-1 homeostasis to improve renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis and interfere with the expression and activity of TGF- β1 in DKD treatment. These findings explain the underlying mechanism of QWD for the treatment of DKD, and also provide methodological reference for investigating the mechanism of traditional medicine in the treatment of DKD.

Analysis on "the essence of tuina, arrival of qi ensuring curative effect" / 中国针灸

In reference with the systematic review of the thought of deqi (arrival of qi) put forward in Huangdi Neijing (Internal Classic of Yellow Emperor) and other classic books of traditional Chinese medicine, in view of detecting qi and identifying qi before treatment, as well as the prerequisites of deqi in tuina, meaning the accurate syndrome differentiation and manipulations, the importance of deqi in treatment with tuina is expounded. In association with clinical experience, the specific manifestations of deqi in patients during tuina are summarized, e.g. soreness, distention, pain, numbness, warm feeling and slight sweating, local changes in intestinal sound and skin color, as well as mind regulation. It is anticipated that deqi of tuina may be drawn the attention in clinical practice, and the relevant study be expanded.

Effect of Buyang Huanwutang on Platelet Function and Inflammatory Cytokine in Rat Model of Acute Blood Stasis Induced by Multiple Factors / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of Buyang Huanwutang （BYHWT） on platelet function and inflammatory cytokines in the rat model of acute blood stasis. MethodThe model of acute blood stasis was established with SD rats by ice water bath combined with injection of epinephrine. Rats were randomly assigned into four groups： normal group， model group， BYHWT （3.2 g·kg-1） group， and aspirin （60 mg·kg-1） group. The rats were injected with epinephrine hydrochloride on day 8 after 7 days of modeling. The macroscopic indexes of triditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome including tongue manifestation and pulse manifestation were observed， while hemorheological indexes， blood coagulation， and platelet aggregation were detected. The serum levels of the inflammatory cytokine matrix metalloprotein-9 （MMP-9） and the adhesion factor intercellular adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1） and were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. ResultThe pulse distention of rats in the model group was lower than that in the normal group （P<0.01）， while BYHWT improved the pulse distention of the rats with the syndrome of blood stasis （P<0.01）. In the model group， the tongue showed the characteristics of blood stasis syndrome， with dark purple veins at the tongue bottom and lower values of R， G， B on the tongue surface than those in the normal group （P<0.01）， which， however， can be recovered by BYHWT （P<0.01）. The blood viscosity at high， medium， and low shear stress and the plasma viscosity in the model group were higher than those in the normal group （P<0.01， P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， BYHWT restored the whole blood viscosity under high， medium and low shear stress and plasma viscosity （P<0.05，P<0.01）. The model group had shorter prothrombin time （PT）， shorter thrombin time （TT）， and higher fibrinogen （FIB） than the normal group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. BYHWT improved the TT and reduced the FIB in the rats with blood stasis syndrome （P<0.01）. The platelet aggregation rate induced by arachidonic acid （AA） and adenosine diphosphate （ADP） in the model group was higher than that in normal group （P<0.01） and BYHWT decreased the platelet aggregation rate of the rats with blood stasis syndrome （P<0.01）. The results of scanning electron microscopy showed that the model group exhibited excessive platelet activation， obvious pseudopodia， and increased aggregation of platelets compared with the normal group， while platelet activation and aggregation were rare in the BYHWT group. The serum levels of MMP-9 and ICAM-1 in the model group were higher than those in the normal group （P<0.01）， which were decreased in the BYHWT group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionThe SD rats with the syndrome of acute blood stasis induced by ice water bath combined with injection of epinephrine demonstrate obvious changes in platelet function and morphology， inflammation， and abnormal cell adhesion. In the treatment of acute blood stasis in rats， BYHWT may reduce thrombosis and improve blood consistency and cohesion by mitigating inflammation， down-regulating cell adhesion factor overexpression， and improving platelet shape and function.

Establishment and Evaluation of Rat Model of Acute Coronary Syndrome with Combined Blood Stasis and Poison / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo compare the feasibility of establishing the rat model of acute coronary syndrome with combined blood stasis and poison by lipopolysacharide （LPS） injection， ligation of coronary artery and different combinations of the two methods. MethodA total of 225 male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group， simple coronary artery ligation group， first injected LPS group ［LPS（5 mg·kg）injection 24 h before coronary artery ligation］ and follow injected LPS group ［LPS（5 mg·kg）injection 10 min after coronary artery ligation］. The indexes of each group were detected at 3， 24， 72 h after modeling， and the model was comprehensively evaluated. The general state and macroscopic evaluation indexes of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome （tongue and pulse） of rats in each group were observed. ECG and echocardiography were used to evaluate cardiac function， and the myocardial ischemia and infarction areas were measured by Evans blue/2，3，5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC） staining. The content of creatine kinase isoenzyme （CK-MB）， lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）， creatine kinase （CK）， and troponin T （cTnT） in serum as well as interleukin-1 β （IL-1β） and IL-6 changes were determined by biochemical method or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Hematology analyzer was adopted to determine the white blood cell （WBC） count， and the four coagulation indexes， platelet aggregation rate， hemorheology and other coagulation evaluation indexes were also detected. The myocardial tissue was observed by hematoxylin-eosin（HE）staining. ResultAfter 3 h of modeling， compared with the conditions in sham operation group， the R， G and B values of tongue of rats （P<0.01）， pulse amplitude （P<0.01）， and cardiac function in simple coronary artery ligation group were decreased， and the color of hypoglossal veins became purple（P<0.01）. The content of CK， LDH， cTnT， IL-1β and IL-6 in serum（P<0.05）， myocardial infarction area（P<0.01）， and total number of WBCs （P<0.05）were increased. Compared with simple coronary artery ligation group， first injected LPS group and follow injected LPS group had increased hypoglossal veins， decreased R value of tongue and elevated cTnT content （P<0.01）， while follow injected LPS group had reduced B value of tongue， decreased cardiac output （CO）（P<0.05）， increased IL-1β content， and thinned left ventricular anterior walls at end-systole （LVAWs）（P<0.01）. After 24 h of modeling， compared with sham operation group， simple coronary artery ligation group presented significantly decreased R， G and B values of tongue， lengthened purplish dark hypoglossal veins （P<0.01）， reduced pulse amplitude（P<0.01） and cardiac function， enlarged myocardial infarction area（P<0.01）， increased whole blood viscosity， platelet aggregation rate， fibrinogen （FIB）， shortened prothrombin time （PT） and thrombin time （TT）（P<0.01）， and elevated total number of WBCs （P<0.01）and content of CK， LDH， cTnT and IL-6 in serum（P<0.05）. Compared with the conditions in simple coronary artery ligation group， the pulse amplitude， R， G and B values of tongue （P<0.01）， and ejection fraction （EF） and fractional shortening （FS） scores （P<0.05）dropped， and hypoglossal veins were deepened and lengthened（P<0.05）， and cTnT content was increased（P<0.01）in first injected LPS group and follow injected LPS group. However， follow injected LPS group had thinned LVPWs， increased LDH content， platelet aggregation rate（P<0.05）， myocardial infarction area， and total number of WBC， level of IL-1β（P<0.05）， and shortened TT（P<0.01）. Additionally， 72 h after modeling， compared with sham operation group， simple coronary artery ligation group showed significantly reduced pulse amplitude， lowered R， G and B values of tongue， thickened and lengthened hypoglossal veins（P<0.01）， decreased cardiac function， and increased content of cTnT， FIB， whole blood viscosity（P<0.01），platelet aggregation rate， level of IL-6 and IL-1β（P<0.05）. Compared with the conditions in simple coronary artery ligation group， the hypoglossal veins of the first injected LPS group and the follow injected LPS group were more purple， and the content of cTnT was boosted（P<0.01）， whereas follow injected LPS group had decreased pulse amplitude， R， G and B values of tongue， EF and FS scores （P<0.05）， and enlarged myocardial infarction area（P<0.01）. ConclusionCompared with the other modeling methods and models at different modeling time， the established model by LPS injection 10 min after coronary artery ligation for 24 h was more consistent with the clinical characteristics of acute coronary syndrome with combined blood stasis and poison.

Establishment and Evaluation of Rat Model of Acute Coronary Syndrome with Combined Blood Stasis and Poison / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo compare the feasibility of establishing the rat model of acute coronary syndrome with combined blood stasis and poison by lipopolysacharide （LPS） injection， ligation of coronary artery and different combinations of the two methods. MethodA total of 225 male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group， simple coronary artery ligation group， first injected LPS group ［LPS（5 mg·kg）injection 24 h before coronary artery ligation］ and follow injected LPS group ［LPS（5 mg·kg）injection 10 min after coronary artery ligation］. The indexes of each group were detected at 3， 24， 72 h after modeling， and the model was comprehensively evaluated. The general state and macroscopic evaluation indexes of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome （tongue and pulse） of rats in each group were observed. ECG and echocardiography were used to evaluate cardiac function， and the myocardial ischemia and infarction areas were measured by Evans blue/2，3，5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride （TTC） staining. The content of creatine kinase isoenzyme （CK-MB）， lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）， creatine kinase （CK）， and troponin T （cTnT） in serum as well as interleukin-1 β （IL-1β） and IL-6 changes were determined by biochemical method or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Hematology analyzer was adopted to determine the white blood cell （WBC） count， and the four coagulation indexes， platelet aggregation rate， hemorheology and other coagulation evaluation indexes were also detected. The myocardial tissue was observed by hematoxylin-eosin（HE）staining. ResultAfter 3 h of modeling， compared with the conditions in sham operation group， the R， G and B values of tongue of rats （P<0.01）， pulse amplitude （P<0.01）， and cardiac function in simple coronary artery ligation group were decreased， and the color of hypoglossal veins became purple（P<0.01）. The content of CK， LDH， cTnT， IL-1β and IL-6 in serum（P<0.05）， myocardial infarction area（P<0.01）， and total number of WBCs （P<0.05）were increased. Compared with simple coronary artery ligation group， first injected LPS group and follow injected LPS group had increased hypoglossal veins， decreased R value of tongue and elevated cTnT content （P<0.01）， while follow injected LPS group had reduced B value of tongue， decreased cardiac output （CO）（P<0.05）， increased IL-1β content， and thinned left ventricular anterior walls at end-systole （LVAWs）（P<0.01）. After 24 h of modeling， compared with sham operation group， simple coronary artery ligation group presented significantly decreased R， G and B values of tongue， lengthened purplish dark hypoglossal veins （P<0.01）， reduced pulse amplitude（P<0.01） and cardiac function， enlarged myocardial infarction area（P<0.01）， increased whole blood viscosity， platelet aggregation rate， fibrinogen （FIB）， shortened prothrombin time （PT） and thrombin time （TT）（P<0.01）， and elevated total number of WBCs （P<0.01）and content of CK， LDH， cTnT and IL-6 in serum（P<0.05）. Compared with the conditions in simple coronary artery ligation group， the pulse amplitude， R， G and B values of tongue （P<0.01）， and ejection fraction （EF） and fractional shortening （FS） scores （P<0.05）dropped， and hypoglossal veins were deepened and lengthened（P<0.05）， and cTnT content was increased（P<0.01）in first injected LPS group and follow injected LPS group. However， follow injected LPS group had thinned LVPWs， increased LDH content， platelet aggregation rate（P<0.05）， myocardial infarction area， and total number of WBC， level of IL-1β（P<0.05）， and shortened TT（P<0.01）. Additionally， 72 h after modeling， compared with sham operation group， simple coronary artery ligation group showed significantly reduced pulse amplitude， lowered R， G and B values of tongue， thickened and lengthened hypoglossal veins（P<0.01）， decreased cardiac function， and increased content of cTnT， FIB， whole blood viscosity（P<0.01），platelet aggregation rate， level of IL-6 and IL-1β（P<0.05）. Compared with the conditions in simple coronary artery ligation group， the hypoglossal veins of the first injected LPS group and the follow injected LPS group were more purple， and the content of cTnT was boosted（P<0.01）， whereas follow injected LPS group had decreased pulse amplitude， R， G and B values of tongue， EF and FS scores （P<0.05）， and enlarged myocardial infarction area（P<0.01）. ConclusionCompared with the other modeling methods and models at different modeling time， the established model by LPS injection 10 min after coronary artery ligation for 24 h was more consistent with the clinical characteristics of acute coronary syndrome with combined blood stasis and poison.

Effects of Qilong Capsules on myocardial fibrosis and insufficient blood circulation in ischemic cardiomyopathy with Qi deficiency and blood stasis / 中国中药杂志

Protective effect of Qilong Capsules(QL) on the myocardial fibrosis and blood circulation of rats with coronary heart disease of Qi deficiency and blood stasis type was investigated. Sleep deprivation and coronary artery ligation were used to construct a disease-symptom combination model, and 60 SD rats were divided into sham operation(sham) group, syndrome(S) group, disease and syndrome(M) group and QL group randomly. The treatment group received administration of QL 0.4 g·kg~(-1)·d~(-1). Other groups were given the same amount of normal saline. The disease indexes of each group [left ventricular end diastolic diameter(LVESD), left ventricular end systolic diameter(LVEDD), left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF), left ventricular axis shortening rate(LVFS), myocardial histopathology, platelet morphology, peripheral blood flow] and syndrome indexes(tongue color, pulse, grip power) were detected. In sham group, cardiomyocytes and myocardial fibers were arranged neatly and densely with clear structures. The tongues' color in sham were light red, and the pulse shape were regular. RGB is a parameter reflected the brightness of the image of the tongue. In the S group, the amplitude and frequency of the animal's pulse increased accompanied by decreasing R,G,B, however, the decreased R,G,B was accompanied by reduced pulse amplitude in M group. And in M group, we observed fuzzy cell morphology, hypertrophied myocytes, disordered arrangement of cardiomyocytes and myocardial fibers, reduced peripheral blood flow and increased collagen volume fraction(CVF). Increased LVESD and LVEDD, and decreased LVEF and LVFS represented cardiac function in S group was significantly lower than that in sham. In QL group, the tongue's color was red and the pulse was smooth. The myocardial fibers of the QL group were arranged neatly and secreted less collagen. It improved the blood circulation in the sole and tail, and reversed the increasing of LVEDD, LVESD and the decreasing of LVEF and LVFS of M group. Platelets in M and S group showed high reactivity, and QL could decrease aggregation risk. In conclusion, Qilong Capsules has an obvious myocardial protective effect on ischemic cardiomyopathy, which may inhibit the degree of myocardial fibrosis and reduce platelet reactivity.

Biocompatibility and effect on bone formation of a native acellular porcine pericardium: Results of in vitro and in vivo / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To examine the morphology and biocompatibility of a native acellular porcine pericardium (APP) in vitro and to evaluate its barrier function and effects on osteogenesis when used in guided bone regeneration (GBR) in vivo.@*METHODS@#First, the morphology of APP (BonanGenⓇ) was detected using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Next, for biocompatibility test, proliferation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) were determined using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) after being seeded 1, 3 and 7 days. Meanwhile, the cells stained with phalloidine and 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were observed using a confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to view the morphology of cell adhesion and pattern of cell proliferation on day 5. A 3-Beagle dog model with 18 teeth extraction sockets was used for the further research in vivo. These sites were randomly treated by 3 patterns below: filled with Bio-OssⓇand coverd by APP membrane (APP group), filled with Bio-OssⓇand covered by Bio-GideⓇmembrane (BG group) and natural healing (blank group). Micro-CT and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) were performed after 4 and 12 weeks.@*RESULTS@#A bilayer and three-dimensional porous ultrastructure was identified for APP through SEM. In vitro, APP facilitated proliferation and adhesion of hBMSCs, especially after 7 days (P < 0.05). In vivo, for the analysis of the whole socket healing, no distinct difference of new bone ratio was found between all the three groups after 4 weeks (P>0.05), however significantly more new bone regeneration was detected in APP group and BG group in comparison to blank group after 12 weeks (P < 0.05). The radio of bone formation below the membrane was significantly higher in APP group and BG group than blank group after 4 and 12 weeks (P < 0.05), however, the difference between APP group and BG group was merely significant in 12 weeks (P < 0.05). Besides, less resorption of buccal crest after 4 weeks and 12 weeks was observed in APP group of a significant difference compared in blank group (P < 0.05). The resorption in BG group was slightly lower than blank group (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#APP showed considerable biocompatibility and three-dimentional structure. Performing well as a barrier membrane in the dog alveolar ridge preservation model, APP significantly promoted bone regeneration below it and reduced buccal crest resorption. On the basis of this study, APP is a potential osteoconductive and osteoinductive biomaterial.

Efficacy of two barrier membranes and deproteinized bovine bone mineral on bone regeneration in extraction sockets: A microcomputed tomographic study in dogs / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the effect of two barrier membranes [multilaminated small intestinal submucosa (mSIS) and bioresorable collagen membrane (Bio-Gide)] combined with deproteinized bovine bone mineral Bio-Oss on guided bone regeneration through a canine extraction sockets model.@*METHODS@#The distal roots of 18 premolars of the Beagle' s bilateral maxillary and mandibular were removed, and 18 extraction sockets were obtained. They were randomly divided into 3 groups, and the following procedures were performed on the sockets: (1) filled with Bio-Oss and covered by mSIS (mSIS group), (2) filled with Bio-Oss and covered by Bio-Gide (BG group), (3) natural healing (blank control group). Micro-computed tomograph (Micro-CT) was performed 4 and 12 weeks after surgery to eva-luate the new bone regeneration in the sockets of each group.@*RESULTS@#The postoperative healing was uneventful in all the animals, and no complications were observed through the whole study period. Micro-CT analysis showed that the new bone fraction in the mSIS group and the BG group was significantly higher than that in the blank control group at the end of 4 weeks and 12 weeks (P < 0.05), and more new bone fraction was observed in the mSIS group than in the BG group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The new bone fraction of coronal third part of the socket in the mSIS group and BG group at the end of 4 weeks were significantly higher than that of the middle and apical third part of each group (P < 0.05). The values of bone mineral density were similar at 4 weeks in all the groups (P>0.05), but were significantly higher than that in the control group at the end of 12 weeks (P < 0.05). The bone morphometric analysis showed that the trabecular number and trabecular spacing were significantly better in the mSIS group and the BG group than in the control group at the end of 4 weeks and 12 weeks (P < 0.05), while the value in the mSIS group was slightly higher than in the BG group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The difference in trabecular thickness between all the groups was not statistically significant (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#mSIS membrane as a barrier membrane combined with deproteinized bovine bone mineral can enhance new bone formation in canine extraction sockets, similar to Bio-Gide collagen membrane.

Exposure to famine in fetus and infant period and risk for hypertension in adulthood / 中华流行病学杂志

To investigate the relationship between exposure to famine in fetus and infant period and the risks for hypertension in adulthood. A total of 5 960 participants born between 1956 and 1965 were included in the study and were divided into unexposed group (1963-1965), fetal exposed group (1959-1961), early- childhood exposed group (1956-1958) and transitional group (1962). Logistic regression model was used to explore the association between famine exposure in early life and the risk for hypertension in adulthood. Both the fetal exposure and the early-childhood exposure were the risk factors for hypertension in adulthood (=1.249, 95: 1.049-1.486 and =1.360, 95: 1.102-1.679). Meanwhile, in rural area, compared with unexposed group, the fetal exposure (=1.401, 95: 1.091-1.798) and the early-childhood exposure (=1.460, 95: 1.145-1.862) were also associated with a greater risk of hypertension in adulthood. In addition, fetal exposure and early-childhood exposure to famine in women were associated with 36.0 and 31.9 increased risks for hypertension (95: 7.8-71.7 and 95: 4.8-66.0) according to the stratified analysis. Fetal exposure to famine might increase the risk for hypertension in adulthood.

Effect of baicalin on ATPase and LDH and its regulatory effect on the AC/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in rats with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of baicalin on synaptosomal adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its regulatory effect on the adenylate cyclase (AC)/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway in rats with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 40 SHR rats were randomly divided into five groups: ADHD model, methylphenidate hydrochloride treatment (0.07 mg/mL), and low-dose (3.33 mg/mL), medium-dose (6.67 mg/mL), and high-dose (10 mg/mL) baicalin treatment (n=8 each). Eight WKY rats were selected as normal control group. Percoll density gradient centrifugation was used to prepare brain synaptosomes and an electron microscope was used to observe their structure. Colorimetry was used to measure the activities of ATPase and LDH in synaptosomes. ELISA was used to measure the content of AC, cAMP, and PKA.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the normal control group, the ADHD model group had a significant reduction in the ATPase activity, a significant increase in the LDH activity, and significant reductions in the content of AC, cAMP, and PKA (P<0.05). Compared with the ADHD model group, the methylphenidate hydrochloride group and the medium- and high-dose baicalin groups had a significant increase in the ATPase activity (P<0.05), a significant reduction in the LDH activity (P<0.05), and significant increases in the content of AC, cAMP, and PKA (P<0.05). Compared with the methylphenidate hydrochloride group, the high-dose baicalin group had significantly greater changes in these indices (P<0.05). Compared with the low-dose baicalin group, the high-dose baicalin group had a significant increase in the ATPase activity (P<0.05); the medium- and high-dose baicalin groups had a significant reduction in the LDH activity (P<0.05) and significant increases in the content of AC, cAMP, and PKA (P<0.05). Compared with the medium-dose baicalin group, the high-dose baicalin group had a significant increase in the ATPase activity (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Both methylphenidate hydrochloride and baicalin can improve synaptosomal ATPase and LDH activities in rats with ADHD. The effect of baicalin is dose-dependent, and high-dose baicalin has a significantly greater effect than methylphenidate hydrochloride. Baicalin exerts its therapeutic effect possibly by upregulating the AC/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway.</p>

Effect of baicalin on behavioral characteristics of rats with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of baicalin on the behavioral characteristics of rats with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to provide a basis for further research on baicalin in the treatment of ADHD.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 40 SHR rats were randomly divided into model group, methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) group, and low-, medium-, and high-dose baicalin groups, with 8 rats in each group. Eight WKY rats were selected as normal control group. The rats in the MPH group (0.07 mg/mL) and the low- (3.33 mg/mL), medium- (6.67 mg/mL), and high-dose (10 mg/mL) baicalin groups were given the corresponding drugs (1.5 mL/100 g) by gavage twice a day, and those in the normal control group and the model group were given an equal volume of normal saline by gavage twice a day. The course of treatment was 4 weeks for all groups. The open field test was performed to observe total moving distance and average moving speed on day 0 of experiment and at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after gavage and to evaluate the control effects of drugs on hyperactivity and impulsive behavior. The Morris water maze test was used to observe the latency, time spent in the target quadrant, and number of platform crossings and to evaluate the effects of drugs on attention.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The open field test showed that the model group and the drug treatment groups had a significantly longer total moving distance and a significantly higher average moving speed than the normal control group on day 0 (P<0.05). On day 7, the MPH group had significant reductions in total moving distance and average moving speed compared with the model group (P<0.05). On day 14, the MPH group and the high-dose baicalin group had significant reductions in total moving distance and average moving speed compared with the model group (P<0.05). The data on days 21 and 28 showed that compared with the model group, the low-, medium-, and high-dose baicalin groups had gradual reductions in total moving distance and average moving speed (P<0.05). The water maze test showed that compared with the model group, the MPH group and the medium- and high-dose baicalin groups had a significantly longer time spent in the target quadrant (P<0.05), and the MPH group and the high-dose baicalin group had a significantly higher proportion of the moving distance in the target quadrant in total moving distance (P<0.05). The high-dose baicalin group had the highest number of platform crossings among all groups (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Both baicalin and MPH can regulate the motor ability and learning and memory abilities of SHR rats with ADHD and thus control the core symptoms of ADHD, i.e., hyperactivity, impulsive behavior, and inattention. Baicalin exerts its effect in a dose-dependent manner, and high-dose baicalin has the most significant effect, but compared with MPH, it needs a longer time to play its therapeutic effect.</p>

Assessment of overall function after percutaneous coronary intervention by cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with stable coronary heart disease / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>UNLABELLED</b>Objective: In order to assess the integrative cardiopulmonary function after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD), we used symptom limited maximum cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All 59 patients diagnosed stable CAD by coronary angiography and echocardiography from August to December of 2014 in our hospital, were divided two groups. PCI group, 31 patients received PCI and drugs. Control group, 28 patients received drugs therapy only. All patients performed CPET before and after the treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All patients safely completed CPET without any complications. The control group, all functional parameters were unchanged (P > 0.05). PCI group, the anaerobic threshold, peak oxygen uptake and peak oxygen pulse increased significantly (P < 0.05) from baseline,but not for others (P > 0.05). For individual analysis, PCI group had higher rates of increase (≥ 10% of baseline) in both peak oxygen uptake and peak oxygen pulse than those of control group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>CPET is an objective, quantitative, safe and effective method to evaluate the clinical therapeutic efficiency. PCI can improve the integrative cardiopulmonary function in CAD patients.</p>

Progress of the recovery mechanism of brain injury associated with the gene polymorphism of apolipoproteins E / 法医学杂志

Brain injury is a kind of wound by violence on head, which is a mechanical distortion of skull, meninx, cerebral vascular and brain tissue due to outside force acting on head. Apolipoproteins E (ApoE) is a major kind of apolipoproteins, participating in the metabolism of lipid and regulating balance of cholesterol. Some recent investigations show that gene polymorphism of ApoE is associated with various kinds of diseases. Also its immunoreactivity is changed regularly with brain injury. In addition, ApoE has remarkable effect in neurological normal growth and reparative process after brain injury. This article reviews the biological characteristics and mechanism of ApoE in the repair of brain injury and application prospect in forensic medicine, which may be able to provide new ideas for estimation of the brain injury time and related experimental research.

Progress of the Recovery Mechanism of Brain Injury Associated with the Gene Polymorphism of Apolipoproteins E / 法医学杂志

Brain injury is a kind of wound by violence on head, which is a mechanical distortion of skull, meninx, cerebral vascular and brain tissue due to outside force acting on head. Apolipoproteins E (ApoE ) is a major kind of apolipoprotein s, participating in the metabolismof lipid and regulating bal-ance of cholesterol. Some recent investigations showthat gene polymorphismof ApoE is associated with various kinds of diseases. Also its immunoreactivity is changed regularly with brain injury. In addition, ApoE has remarkable effect in neurological normal growth and reparative process after brain injury. This article reviews the biological characteristics and mechanismof ApoE in the repair of brain injury and application prospect in forensic medicine, which may be able to provide newideas for estimation of the brain injury time and related experimental research.

Function of College English in humanistic education in medical universities and colleges / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Language,as a cartier of specified social culture,is closely and complementarily associated with it.Considering the especial education targets of medical universities and colleges,the present curriculum and the trend of international communication,College English is obliged to focus on humanistic value and necessarily plays its constructive role in heightening students' humanistic quality.

Transrectal ultrasonography in the etiological diagnosis of male obstructive azoospermia: analysis of 695 cases / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the role of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) in the etiological diagnosis of male obstructive azoospermia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data and TRUS findings of 695 patients with obstructive azoospermia from January 2007 to May 2009.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Concerning the etiology of obstructive azoospermia, the main TRUS findings included ejaculatory duct abnormality (29.2%), seminal vesicle abnormality (25.4%) and prostate midline cyst (18.5%). TRUS revealed 203 cases of ejaculatory duct dilation, 177 cases of seminal vesicle abnormality (including 108 with absence or agenesis and 51 with dilation of the seminal vesicle), and 128 cases of prostate midline cyst (including 75 with ejaculatory duct cyst and 39 with Müllerian cyst). Calcification of the verumontanum or ejaculatory duct was suspected to be the causes of obstructive azoospermia in 34 cases. However, no significant etiological abnormality was found in 153 cases. Obvious etiology was shown by TRUS in 78.0% of the patients.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>TRUS can clearly display the structural abnormality of the ejaculatory duct and seminal vesicle, and provide important information on the etiology of male obstructive azoospermia.</p>

Clinical analysis of renal cell carcinoma: report of 271 cases / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the diagnosis and treatment of renal cell carcinoma.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>From January 1993 to December 2000 the data of 271 cases of renal cell carcinoma were reviewed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Ultrasonography and CT scanning were still the main diagnostic methods. Surgical operation was performed on 234 patients. Radical nephrectomy was performed on 197 patients (72.6%); Nephron sparing surgery was performed on 19 patients; Metastatic tumor resection was performed on 6 patients and other procedures for 12. The pathological results showed that 137 cases (61.4%) were clear cell carcinoma, 18 cases (8. 1%) of granular cell carcinoma, 32 cases (14. 3%) being combination of the above two varieties, 23 cases (10.3%) of renal papillary adenocarcinoma, 13 cases being renal cell of other types. And 210 cases (77.5%) had been successfully followed up. The 1, 3, 5 and 10 year survival rates were 95.3% (182/191), 88.7% (107/122), 74.7% (56/75) and 32.1% (10/31) respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Ultrasonography is the first select examination method of detecting of renal cell carcinoma, and CT scanning is the most valuable diagnostic mean. Early diagnosis and prompt radical nephrectomy or nephron sparing nephrectomy are the critical points for achieving long-term survivals of patients with renal cell carcinoma.</p>

Study on the distribution of prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and borderline high cholesterol in Chinese adults / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the distribution of prevalence on hypercholesterolemia and borderline high cholesterol of Chinese residents aged 20 years and above.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>To detect the total fasting plasma cholesterol in 48 299 subjects among 20 year-olds and above.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Within a certain age range, the prevalence of both hypercholesterolemia and borderline high cholesterol increased with age, but there was a decreasing trend after 60-years of age in some regions. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia increased to 12.53% in over 70 year-olds group from 1.36% in urban 20-year-olds, and increased to 5.15% from 60-year-olds group comparing to 0.98% of the 20-year-old group in rural areas. When comparing to the 20-year-old age group, the prevalence of borderline high cholesterol of the 70 age group in urban and rural increased by 4.4 and 4.2 times, respectively. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in each age group in urban were higher than that of in rural areas. In Rural I, it was higher than that of in Rural II , Rural III and Rural IV. The prevalence rates of both hypercholesterolemia and borderline high cholesterol of the males in the less than 50 year-olds group were higher than that in females, which was quite different from the group older than 50 years of age. As to borderline high cholesterol, similar result was also noticed.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Within a certain age range, there was a trend that the prevalence of both hypercholesterolemia and borderline high cholesterol increased with age and related to regions which were classified by economic status. A distinct difference between males and females also existed.</p>

Blood lipid profile and prevalence of dyslipidemia in Chinese adults / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the plasma lipid levels in a national representative sample of subjects and to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia in the Chinese population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Plasma lipid profile was analyzed using the data obtained during the Chinese national nutrition and health survey (CNHS) in 2002 which involved 14 252 participants at the age of 18 years or older.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the participants were 3.81 mmol/L, 1.10 mmol/L, and 1.30 mmol/L, respectively. In the groups of participants at the age of 18-44 years, 45-59 years, and over 60 years the mean TC level was 3.70 mmol/L, 4.09 mmol/L and 4.21 mmol/L, respectively, and the mean TG level was 07 mmol/L, 1.21 mmol/L, 1.20 mmol/L, 1.29 mmol/L, 1.33 mmol/L, and 1.33 mmol/L, respectively. The prevalence of dyslipidemia in Chinese adults was 18.6% and 22.2% in males and 15.9% in females. Dyslipidemia prevalence was higher in urban districts than in rural areas (21.0% vs. 17.7%). The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low HDL cholesterol was 2.9%, 11.9%, and 7.4% respectively among the participants.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Dyslipidemia has become one of the important health risk factors in the Chinese population. There is no significantly difference in the prevalence of dyslipidemia between the groups of participants at the age of 45-59 years and over 60 years. This study provides important lipid profile data for policy making and guideline development for the prevention of dyslipidemia in the Chinese population.</p>

Diagnostic value of urodynamic parameters multianalysis in the evaluation of bladder outlet obstruction resulting from benign prostatic hyperplasia / 中华男科学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To construct a function model that can be used in the diagnosis bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) resulting from benign prostatic hyperplasia, and to develop a diagram allowing the judgement of bladder outlet for patients with different detrusor contractility, especially with impaired one.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Urodynamic and clinical data of 131 men were analyzed retrospectively. By Logistic analysis, a function model was constructed. Based on the model, a diagram allowing the evaluation of bladder outlet was drawn. The cutoff point for diagnosing BOO with the function model and the curve was confirmed by ROC curve analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The function model (BOOI) was obtained by the formula 5.03 x residual fraction + 0.04 x PdetatQmax - 0.20 x Qmax - 0.91 + alpha (alpha = 0 for those with low pressure-low flow on P-FS, alpha = 1.42 for high pressure-low flow, alpha = -7.30 for high pressure-high flow). The cutoff point for BOOI diagnosing BOO was 0.36. When validated, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 85.7%, 91.7%, 96.0% and 73.3% respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The BOOI, with an easy calculation mode, could predict the probability of BOO. The sensitivity and specificity of the criterion for the diagnosis of BOO were satisfactory. The curve we drew could help to differentiate the obstructed men with low pressure-low flow and thus benefit them by surgical relief of their obstruction.</p>